in Figure 11B showed no such modulation but tended to fire at the trough of a ∼12 Hz rhythm instead. In general, different neurons exhibited STA modulations at a range of frequencies, with a substantial number showing no apparent phase modulation. The average STA over all cells (Figure 11C) shows that on average, FSIs showed gamma modulation and are followed by a slow, asymmetric upward deflection that might reflect broad synaptic inhibition of FSIs onto nearby medium spiny neurons (Koós and Tepper, 1999; Mallet et al., 2005).