almost identical by descent between ILS and ISS. This SNP comparison indicates that the strongest trans-effect is from Qrr1d. A possible reason why the trans-effect is not detected in the CXB RI strains, despite being SNP rich in Qrr1, is that the crucial SNPs underlying the trans-QTLs may not be segregating in this cross or that undetected copy number variants make important contributions to the Qrr1 effects. A final explanation may be that the small CXB dataset (13 strains) is simply underpowered.