Trauma experienced during childhood is associated with both child- and adult-onset PTSD (Copeland et al., 2018; Cloitre et al., 2009; Harter & Taylor, 2000; Widom, 1999). Estimates of lifetime PTSD prevalence among adolescents was approximately 5% according to the National Comorbidity Survey (Merikangas et al., 2010). However, rates vary widely depending on the sex of the individual exposed and the type of trauma experienced. One meta-analysis of 43 independent samples (47% of which were from the United States) revealed that nearly one-quarter of all children exposed to interpersonal forms of trauma, which included injury due to violence, met criteria for PTSD (Alisic et al., 2014). Typically, studies find that girls exposed to trauma develop PTSD at higher rates than boys (Alisic et al., 2014; Kessler et al., 2005; Merikangas et al., 2010; Walsh et al., 2012), and individuals experiencing traumas that involve personal injury or attack compared to those involving grief and loss are more likely to develop PTSD (Alisic et al., 2014). In the 1996 Detroit Area Study, 20.6% of those with PTSD reported some form of assaultive violence
