The Comorbidity and Trauma Study (CATS) sample25 (N = 1446; 39.8% female; all of the European-Australian descent) consists of individuals with opioid use disorder and genetically unrelated control individuals with little or no lifetime opioid misuse. Active psychosis was an exclusion criterion. The Institutional Review Boards at Washington University School of Medicine and the Queensland Institute of Medical Research approved the study and all participants provided informed consent.
