The connectivity analysis methods reviewed here, happen to be exclusively illustrated with example data using VASO. We believe, however, that the discussed connectivity tools are generally applicable to any fMRI acquisition contrast that can provide whole brain layer-specific signals without the sensitivity of macro-veins. Until today, VASO just happens to the only acquisition sequence that can provide such signals non-invasively in humans. Other promising candidate methods that might also be optimized in the future research to be usable for layer-dependent connectivity analyses are briefly discussed below4: