This study provides evidence that parenting is an important factor that contributes either positively or negatively to HED among adolescents and young adults. Our findings provide further evidence that an adolescent’s perception of parenting styles can have persistent effects on the likelihood that an adolescent will engage in HED across adolescence into young adulthood. Findings suggest that substance-use prevention efforts should continue to emphasize making improvements in parental monitoring, supervision, discipline, and warmth. Finally, given the number of differences found across racial groups on the relationship of parenting style and HED, our findings suggest that efforts to prevent HED should be tailored to youths’ cultural backgrounds.
