We found that identification of vulnerable groups is more complex than previously reported in the literature. In contrast to Hatch & Dohrenwend (2007), who reported greater TE exposure for disadvantaged groups in general and for the less educated in particular in the USA, we found that the relationship between education and exposure varies by TE type. Those with less education had increased risk compared with others in the same country of causing/witnessing bodily harm (perhaps because they are more likely to enlist in military service), experiencing interpersonal violence, and having accidents and injuries, but less exposure than others in the same country to collective violence. Those with more education had more automobile accidents, greater odds of being sexually assaulted, but fewer cases of being raped. The reason for this latter finding is unclear.
