glial chimeras receiving thalidomide, but not in their unengrafted control littermates (n=9-10; p>0.4, t test) (Fig. 5G). In contrast, phosphorylation of the Ser845 PKA site was unaffected by either the engraftment of human glia, or by thalidomide (n=6, p > 0.05, t test) (Fig. S4B-C). Together, these results suggested that human glia facilitate synaptic insertion of the GluR1 subunit in host murine neurons, through a TNFα-dependent, PKC/CamKII-mediated pathway, which lowers the threshold for induction of LTP in human glial chimeric mice.
