Third, the structural model that incorporated time 1 (age 17) factors of family functioning and externalizing found these empirically supported correlates of psychopathy to be significantly differentially associated with the MTI Detachment and Antisocial factors at age 17. However, these external correlates did not significantly predict the stability of these traits during the transition into adulthood at age 23. These findings are also inconsistent with Frick et al. (2003), which found indices of parenting and externalizing behavior to predict several different psychopathic features in childhood. However, as previously mentioned, the Frick et al. (2003) study differed from the current study in a number of way; most notably in terms of their different analytic approaches (latent versus manifest variables) and focus on different developmental periods. A longitudinal study by Lynam et al. (2007), which more closely matches the current study in terms of its focus on the transition from adolescence to adulthood, found that the majority of the external variables in their study had no effect on the stability of psychopathic traits, with the exception of modest effects of family structure
