estimates and CIs from the discovery stage of a GWAS, before embarking on expensive replication studies. When there is not a clearly pre-specified p-value selection threshold, the cutoff can be usefully approximated by the maximum p-value among all the selected SNPs or by the ratio of the number of selected SNPs to the total number of SNPs as in some of our applications. With either specified or approximated thresholds, the bias-corrected estimates show reasonable concordance with the subsequent replication-based estimates.
