It can also be argued that the genetic models used in the current generation of genomic studies for schizophrenia are inappropriate, that models should incorporate gene-environment, gene-gene, or even gene-gene-gene interactions. In a similar vein, it is possible that analyses that attempt to identify heterogeneity within the “schizophrenia” construct will prove informative. These hypotheses and alternative conceptualizations have merit and are now being investigated. Conducting these studies to a high standard is very difficult, and require unswerving adherence to accepted standards: thorough evaluation of bias, rigorous statistical significance thresholds, and replication are essential.
