and functional tolerance; and 6) chronic consumption of ethanol should lead to dependence, as indicated by withdrawal symptoms after access to ethanol is terminated. A 7th criterion has been proposed (McBride and Li, 1998), such that an animal model of alcoholism should also display characteristics associated with relapse. One relapse-associated characteristic that should be displayed is a loss of volitional control, often called an alcohol deprivation effect (ADE), when access to alcohol is reinstated following a period of abstinence. The ADE is a transient increase in ethanol consumption, over basal levels, displayed by animals when given free-choice access to ethanol after a period of ethanol deprivation (Sinclair and Senter, 1967). Table 1 illustrates how the ethanol drinking- and self-administration-associated criteria for an animal model of alcoholism (Cicero, 1979; Lester and Freed, 1973; McBride and Li, 1998) relate to the DSM-IV (American Psychiatric Association, 1994) diagnostic criteria for alcohol abuse and dependence.
