All data sources are described in the Supplementary Information and are listed in the Reporting Summary. No new data was collected. Only data from existing studies or study cohorts were analyzed, some of which are restricted access to protect the privacy of the study participants (see Reporting Summary for accession codes or URLs). The minimum data set necessary to interpret, verify, and extend the research, i.e., the GWAS summary statistics for the externalizing (EXT) GWAS (our main discovery analysis), can be obtained by following the procedures detailed at https://externalizing.org/request-data/. In brief, summary statistics are derived from analyses based in part on 23andMe data, for which we are restricted to only publicly report results for up to 10,000 SNPs. The full set of externalizing GWAS summary statistics can be made available to qualified investigators who enter into an agreement with 23andMe that protects participant confidentiality. Once the request has been approved by 23andMe, a representative of the Externalizing Consortium can share the full GWAS summary statistics. No source data is published alongside the paper.
