cytokines, nitric oxide, and prostanoids on the abluminal membrane site of the brain (Banks and Erickson, 2010). The BBB expresses ΤLRs 1–4 and 6, suggesting that PAMPs like LPS may directly alter brain signaling (Nagyoszi et al., 2010). BBB permeability may also be impaired in alcoholics, as suggested by immunohistochemical studies showing reduced expression of proteins, such as collagen-IV and claudin-5, in human postmortem PFC from alcoholics (Rubio-Araiz et al., 2016). Once in the brain, pro-inflammatory molecules are free to propagate immune responses in glial and neuronal cells, as previously discussed.
