Gene set analyses were performed using MAGMA v1.0826. Gene boundaries were retrieved from Ensembl release 92 (GRCh37) using the “biomaRt” R package28 and expanded by 35 kb upstream and 10 kb downstream to include likely regulatory regions29. Gene-wide p-values were calculated from European and Asian summary statistics separately using the SNP-wise “mean” Imhof method, and meta-analysed within the software. LD reference data files were from the European and East Asian populations of the Haplotype Reference Consortium30. Within each gene set analysis, p-values were corrected for multiple testing using the Bonferroni procedure. Specifically, we tested the following gene sets:
