On subsequent, exploratory analyses, we further categorized the nonabstaining smokers into relapsers and never-quitters. At the orientation session, the four groups (i.e., controls, abstainers, never-quitters, and relapsers) did not differ from one another in their age, sex, race, education, typical smoking rate, years of smoking, FTND score, depression history, PANAS score, and CES-D score (see Table 1). All participants in the control condition continued to smoke at their usual level throughout the study (see Table 2). Of the 69 smokers who were assigned to the treatment condition, 34 (49%) continuously abstained throughout the postcessation time period (abstainers), 16 (23%) never abstained from smoking for at least 24 hours (never-quitters), and 19 (28%) achieved initial abstinence (abstained from smoking for ≥24 hours) but lapsed and returned to regular smoking (relapsers). One smoker who we categorized as abstainer reported smoking at the first postcessation session but reported complete abstinence on every day thereafter. Two of the abstainers lapsed and smoked a single cigarette during the study. Although the never-quitters were unable to stop smoking, they appeared to have tried to quit and
