Measures of homogeneity again indicated heterogeneity of both PAE (Q=60, df=3, p<0.0001; I2=95%) and COA studies (Q=3,211, df=25, p<0.0001; I2=99%), with modest between-study variability for PAE (ζ2 =0.28) but low between-study variability for COA (ζ2 =0.08) studies. The overall LOR computed from the random effects model for the PAE domain, shown as the red diamond at the bottom of Figure 2C, was 1.12 (95% CI = [0.48, 1.75]), Q=60, df=3, p<0.001), with an OR of 3.06 (95% CI = [1.62, 5.75]). The overall random effects LOR for COA literature, depicted as the blue diamond in Figure 2D, was 0.95 (95% CI = [0.83, 1.08], Q=1,816, df=25, p<0.001), with an OR of 2.59 (95% CI = [2.29, 2.94]). The mean LOR from the PAE domain was the same or higher than all other comparison groups (Figure 3); however, none of the differences was significant (all p ≥ 0.21; Table 3B).
