Participants completed 384 experimental trials of the Weapons Identification Task (WIT; Payne, 2001) (see Figure 1). On each trial of the WIT, a 1-s visual pattern mask precedes a briefly presented (200 ms) picture of a White or Black man’s face, followed immediately by presentation (200 ms) of either a gun or tool (i.e., target), which is then hidden by a second visual mask. Trials were divided into six blocks of 64 trials each (16 each of black-tool, black-gun, white-tool, and white-gun). Participants’ task was to categorize each target as a gun or a tool as quickly as possible by pressing one of two buttons (counterbalanced across participants). Responses made after a 500-ms response deadline elicited a “Too Slow!” message to encourage participants to respond faster. Similar to previous research testing error awareness and the ERN and Pe components (Hester et al., 2005; Nieuwenhuis et al., 2001; Scheffers & Coles, 2000), the WIT was modified here such that participants rated their perception of the accuracy of their response on each trial (immediately after their response) using one of three response
