Prior to data collection, the university's Institutional Review Board approved the protocol. Youth were recruited from the community (e.g., presentations at high schools, Police Athletic Leagues, YMCA/YWCA) and through their parents (e.g., presentations at alcohol/drug treatment programs and support groups). Interested individuals were invited to call a research assistant for additional information and screening. Exclusion criteria included major psychiatric disorder (e.g., schizophrenia) in the father, a history of substance dependence (including alcohol) in the mother, and a history of DSM-III-R schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, and/or abuse/dependence on alcohol or another substance in the youth. Individuals also were excluded if they had a neurological or endocrine disorder, a history of significant head injuries, or were currently taking a psychoactive medication. If none of the exclusion criteria applied, they were asked to come to the university study site to provide informed consent. At that time, youth completed the C-SSAGA-A clinical interview29 (the child version of the Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism, a psychometrically sound, clinical, diagnostic psychiatric interview that assesses 17 axis I psychiatric diagnoses and antisocial personality disorder) and
