the frequencies, electrodes, or voxels involved in PAC between age groups or stimulation conditions (ts41 < 1.325, ps > 0.193, dsz < 0.204). Of note, while age-related rotations in 1/f spectra have been previously observed in parietal and central midline regions during maintenance of lateralized colored squares 27, studies are needed to examine the presence and spatial topography of age and neural noise correlations during working memory tasks that use complex real-world objects engaging frontotemporal regions and stimulus controls that account for vigilance and attention effects to better isolate maintenance-related neural activity. Additionally, we tested for power modulations in the theta band at both temporal seed and prefrontal cluster locations used for measuring seeded PLV. We found no significant results in either group or stimulation condition (seed, ts41 < −1.394, ps > 0.171, dsz < 0.215; cluster, ts41 < 0.734, ps > 0.467, dsz < 0.113). Finally, we examined whether PAC results relied on the non-sinusoidal waveform shape of the low-frequency rhythm 28, by measuring phase-phase coupling (PPC) 29. We tested for significant differences in PPC within the cluster of electrodes showing enhanced memory-related theta-gamma PAC. A two-tailed paired t-test on the mean across left temporal electrodes included in the
