2015; Hildebrandt et al., 2014; Ramos-Pratts et al., 2013; Hermans et al., 2010). Given the common use of caffeinated beverages in youth as young as two years old (Ahluwalia and Herrick, 2015) and growing concern over health effects and addiction risk associated with excessive caffeine use (Budney and Emond, 2014; Temple et al., 2017a; Temple, 2009), examining caffeine effects on health and neurodevelopment in youth is of increasing concern. Thus far, research has shown that acute caffeine administration is generally linked with improved cognition, although impact of chronic caffeine exposure is not well understood (Curran and Marczinski, 2017). And at least one study reported that increased caffeine consumption is linked with increased risk-taking in adolescents (Temple et al., 2017b). Finally, prescription stimulant medications have been linked with cognitive enhancement (Bagot and Kaminer, 2014; Coghill et al., 2014; Tamminga et al., 2016), while prescription anxiolytics/sedatives (Meador et al., 2011; Loring et al., 2012; Reissig et al., 2015; Ghoneim et al., 1984) and opiates (Allen et al., 2003; Schoedel et al., 2010) negatively impact memory, processing speed and attention. Over the counter (OTC) cough medication containing dextromethorphan has been linked with cortical thickness in adolescents in one study (Qiu et al., 2016),
