As hypothesized, parent AUD was significantly associated with increased odds of membership in each of the three groups with higher symptom severity for family configurations in which the mother only was affected and when both parents were affected (Classes 2 through 4). For Class 4 only, father-only AUD was also significantly associated with increased likelihood of membership in this highest symptom severity group. This was unsurprising. The list of studies highlighting the association between parent AUD and offspring trauma exposure is lengthy and includes a heightened risk of physical and sexual abuse (Dube et al., 2001; Walsh, MacMillan, & Jamieson, 2003), lifetime PTSD (Alisic et al., 2014; Cloitre et al., 2009; Kessler et al., 2005), and alcohol problems (Heath et al., 1997). Likewise, the development of comorbid disorders in the relatives of COGA probands, including AUD and PTSD, has been established (Nurnberger et al., 2004). Consistent with a previous examination of parental AUD and offspring trauma among White and Black youth and young adults in COGA (Bender et al., 2020), our study found that family configurations in which the mother
