Further, diagnosis of AUDs (especially alcohol abuse) is determined, in part, by the consequences that follow consumption. Traits ranging from empathy (Giancola, 2003) to those related to hostility (Giancola, 2002a; 2002b) are associated with experimentally provoked alcohol-related aggression. Importantly, these findings demonstrate that, independent of the link between personality and the “reinforcing” or “punishing” effects of alcohol, personality also appears to influence the nature of drunken comportment.
