Chunk #101 — Theory of Heightened Risk of Drinking and Problems among Low-Income African American Men — Access to Standard Life Reinforcers — African American men versus European American men
Among individuals with a criminal record, African Americans have more difficulty obtaining employment than do European Americans (Holzer et al., 2005). Pager (2003) found striking racial differences in the rate of callbacks among both convicted and non-convicted individuals: African Americans without a criminal record received callbacks 14% of the time, compared to 34% for European Americans. Among those with criminal records, rates of callbacks were 5% for African Americans compared to 17% for European Americans. Strikingly, European Americans with criminal records received more favorable responses (17%) than African Americans with no criminal record (14%).
