Measurement of negative consequences from drinking has typically focused on screening and diagnosis (e.g., 22, 23–25), although several instruments have been developed to measure alcohol dependence in clinical and nonclinical samples (26–30). However, no common set of negative consequences from drinking has been adopted for use in epidemiological surveys to estimate the level of various types of alcohol problems experienced in the general population. Therefore, the GENACIS surveys included multiple measures of negative consequences. The present study includes six consequences items from the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) to screen for people at risk of developing alcohol problems (22, 31, 32) and 11 other consequences commonly measured in alcohol surveys (33–35). Table S2 in the supplementary material shows the core wording of each problem consequence question and notes minor variations in wording used in specific countries. Consequences were scored as 1 (experienced consequence in past 12 months) or 0 (did not experience consequence during the past 12 months).
