Animal models have been developed to simulate several relevant human phenotypic markers or traits associated with alcohol use and dependence. In the models relating to electrophysiological measures, differences in EEG (e.g., [168]), ERP (e.g., [168,169]), and ERO [170,171] responses have been identified to distinguish high alcohol preferring (HAP) from low alcohol preferring (LAP) mice. It was confirmed that these electrophysiological changes in high versus low alcohol preferring mammals closely resemble differences seen in human studies of individuals with high and low risk for alcohol dependence. Ehlers and Criado [172] first demonstrated that EROs can be generated in cortical sites in mice in the delta, theta, alpha/beta frequency ranges in response to auditory stimuli. They observed that oscillations in the 7.5-40 Hz frequencies were significantly affected in the 0-50 ms time window in response to differences in tone frequency, whereas, changes in tone loudness produced changes in oscillations in the 7.5-40 Hz frequencies in the 350-800 ms time window.
