(Carelli & Ijames, 2000; Stuber et al., 2005b) these findings support the view that although cocaine clearly has direct pharmacological actions that occur over a longer time period (e.g., (Peoples & West, 1996; Stuber et al., 2005b; Aragona et al., 2008)), those that occur within seconds of the response (the focus of the current paper) represent associative factors operating within the task.
