A focus on biology is not inconsistent with attention to the upstream causes of disease. Kuzawa and Sweet,144 for example, argue that a comprehensive and integrative epigenetic model of health disparities emphasizes that life course interventions on social and economic factors are the key to effectively addressing social disparities in health. Addressing the developmental and epigenetic processes that shape adult health points to the need for large scale interventions that need to be implemented over the life course that seek to increase access to social and economic resources that can buffer women of childbearing age from social and economic stress and inadequate nutrition. These interventions could include expanding government programs to provide adequate nutrition, ensuring that all workers have paid sick days for their own health and adequate parental leave, and increasing the extent to which both neighborhoods and workplaces are healthy environments.176
