For all four reference modes, a main effect of lifetime MDD emerged (CSD: F(1, 302) = 29.0, p < .001, d = .62; AVG: F(1, 302) = 9.3, p < .01, d = .35; Cz: F(1, 302) = 13.1, p < .001, d = .42; LM: F(1, 302) = 11.9, p < .001, d = .40). For AVG, Cz, and LM, but not CSD, this main effect was qualified by a lifetime MDD by condition interaction (AVG: F(2, 603) = 6.5, p < .01; Cz: F(2, 603) = 6.4, p < .01; LM: F(2, 603) = 5.5, p < .01; CSD, p >.54), which indicated that approach and withdrawal conditions differentiated lifetime MDD+ and MDD− groups more robustly than the rest condition (see Figure 3). Specifically, the lifetime MDD+ group displayed relatively less left frontal activity than the lifetime MDD− group during the approach condition (AVG: p < .05 and d = .28; Cz: p < .05 and d = .29; LM: p < .05 and d = .29) and the withdrawal condition (AVG: p < .001 and d =
