An indirect way to gauge the degree to which publication bias has occurred in novel studies (first reports of particular interactions) is to compare the rate of positive (significant) results among novel cG×E studies to the rate of positive results (that significantly replicated the original finding) among replication attempts. Replication attempts should more accurately reflect the true rate of positive cG×E findings because both positive and null replication results will be of interest to readers and be deemed publishable. Novel reports, on the other hand, may be deemed publishable only when positive. If so, publication bias will manifest as a higher rate of positive results among novel cG×E studies than among replication attempts. Consistent with this expectation, 96% (45/47) of novel cG×E findings in studies that we included were positive, but only 27% (10/37) of replication attempts were positive (Fisher's exact test, p=1.29×10–11). This p value should be interpreted with caution because many of the replication attempts were not independent of each other (e.g., the 5-HTTLPR×stressful life events interaction predicting depression was tested multiple times). Consequently we reran the analysis,
