calculated for each SNP and those with P < 0.05 were declared significant (Table 2). Using this procedure, we identified three SNPs, which were associated with 10 of the 54 craniofacial measures. Specifically, the SNP rs17101923 (HMGA2) was associated with measurements indexing the width of the upper region of the face and nose (Table 2 and Supplementary Material, Fig. S4). Alleles that were associated with increased face width were associated with increased number of teeth and earlier tooth eruption. The rs7924176 marker (ADK) was also associated with measures indexing the width of the nose. Alleles that predisposed to earlier tooth eruption were also associated with a wider nose. Furthermore, rs997154 (AJUBA) was associated with an increase in height and prominence of the mid-brow. Table 2.Association results for SNPs that met P < 0.05 after permutation in the analysis of craniofacial size and shapeTraitaMarkerGene/locusAllelesFrequency of A1RSQREffectSEP-valuePermuted P-valueWidth of eye region psL-psR: left-to-right palpebrale superius distancers17101923HMGA2G/T0.780.96450.110.0280.000110.0042 piL-piR: left-to-right palpebrale inferius distancers17101923HMGA2G/T0.780.96450.1090.0280.000120.0049 exR.yz: distance of the right exocanthion from the YZ planers17101923HMGA2G/T0.780.96450.0990.0280.000430.018 enL.yz: distance of the left endocanthion from the YZ planers17101923HMGA2G/T0.780.96450.0960.0280.000670.025 enL-enR: left-to-right endocanthion distancers17101923HMGA2G/T0.780.96450.0940.0280.000740.028 exL-exR: left-to-right exocanthion distancers17101923HMGA2G/T0.780.96450.0930.0280.000870.033Width of lower part of nose prn-alL: pronasale to left alare distancers17101923HMGA2G/T0.780.96450.080.0250.00130.044 sn-alL: subnasale
