There were also limitations in the study, which lead to suggestions for future investigations. First, it is unclear if findings from the current study would generalize to other populations, such as older drinkers or those with alcohol dependence. Related, these findings in an English-speaking population may not generalize to other languages and cultural groups, as some items may have unique meaning to an English-speaking U.S. sample. Most notably, slang terms such as “up” may not translate to other languages and cultures. If difficulties in translation arise, as we have recently incurred in piloting a Chinese translation of the BAES, then we may suggest use of the item Vigorous to replace Up, as it demonstrated consistent robust psychometric properties as the fourth strongest adjective for stimulant effects (Table 1), and may be easier to translate. In spite of this potential limitation, the benefit of using briefer measures in research with non-English-speaking participants is that there will likely be fewer translation problems due to fewer items to translate. A third limitation was the sample size for Study One, which was modest for
