are at risk for developing AUD display a heightened BOLD response in both the left and right nucleus accumbens to monetary reward cues in comparison to healthy controls (Crane et al., 2017). This finding suggests fundamental differences in reward processing that may increase the risk for AUD. A polymorphism in the tachykinin receptor 1 gene, which encodes a receptor for substance P (Koob, 2015), is associated with alcohol-cue induced craving-related increases in BOLD signaling in parts of the frontal cortex, caudate/putamen, insula, and lentiform nucleus in patients with AUD (Blaine, Claus, Harlaar, & Hutchison, 2013).
