to reverse the effects. Putative target genes of upstream regulators are also identified. A white paper description of the z-score calculation is available at: http://pages.ingenuity.com/rs/ingenuity/images/0812%20upstream_regulator_analysis_whitepaper.pdf. IPA comparison analysis was used to compare pathway and upstream results from the four brain regions in which RNA sequencing has been done: vHIP and mPFC (this manuscript), DRN (McClintick et al., 2015) and PAG (McClintick et al., 2016). For this 4-region analysis, pathways were analyzed if p ≤ 0.05. Hierarchical clustering in Partek Genomics Suite version 6.6 (Partek, St. Louis, Mo) was used to identify pathways that contain similar sets of genes.