situational self-efficacy [71], outcomes which could in turn promote a lapse. Moreover, Baker and colleagues propose that high levels of negative affect can interfere with controlled cognitive processes, such that adaptive coping and decision-making may be undermined as negative affect peaks [25]. Witkiewitz and Villarroel [72] found that drinking rates following treatment were significantly associated with current and prior changes in negative affect and changes in negative affect were significantly associated with current and prior changes in drinking state (effect size range = 0.13 (small) to 0.33 (medium)). Overall, the results showed that individuals who reported higher negative affect or increased negative affect over time had the highest probability of heavy and frequent drinking following treatment, and had a near-zero probability of transitioning to moderate drinking. Heavier and more frequent alcohol use predicted a greater probability of high negative affect and increased negative affect over time.
