weekly sermons, although there are other cases, such as the formal community leaders in each neighbourhood in Beijing and Shanghai, where secular community leaders, who were given presents by the study organizers, made formal announcements and encouraged members of their neighbourhood to participate in the survey. Third, interviewers were centrally trained in the use of nondirective probing, a method designed to encourage thoughtful honest responding. Finally, especially sensitive questions were asked in a self-report format rather than an interviewer-report format, although this could be done only for respondents who could read. These methods were not completely effective in removing cross-national differences in willingness to report though, so it is important to recognise the possible existence of remaining differences of this sort in interpreting cross-national differences in results.
