Second, interesting sex differences emerged in the externalizing spectra. ASPD and CD more poorly indexed the genetic externalizing dimension in females than in males. Whereas ASPD was the ‘anchoring’ phenotype for the genetic common factor for the externalizing spectrum in men, in women it was AAD and DAD. These results provide empirical support for the claim that the criteria for these disorders are ‘male-centric’ and do not optimally assess female externalizing behaviors (Hartung & Widiger, 1998; Ohan & Johnston, 2005).
