Noctua (http://noctua.geneontology.org) is a set of curation tools that supports the collaborative creation and review of standard GO annotations and GO-CAMs (Figure 3). With over two years of feedback from GO curators, the consortium has created the Noctua editorial page to rapidly browse and search GO-CAMs, the Noctua form to ease the creation of GO-CAMs by employing a simple hierarchical form with predetermined attributes to fill, and the Noctua graph which helps visualize and edit the causal relationships between molecular activities. In addition, these tools have been designed to facilitate the incorporation of existing standard GO annotations into GO-CAMs to improve curation efficiency and maximize the reuse of existing annotations. We also integrated a system for the quick retrieval of bibliographic metadata from PubMed identifiers to provide curators with a more integrated and efficient workflow. Groups interested in curating GO-CAMs are welcome to contact us (see Helpdesk).