All flies were maintained on standard cornmeal and molasses agar food at 25°C and 70% humidity. EP1306 was originally isolated from a collection of X-linked EP lines (Rorth, 1996), and showed reduced dLmo expression and increased cocaine sensitivity (Tsai et al., 2004). BxJ is a well-characterized overexpression allele of dLmo/Bx (Shoresh et al., 1998), and showed reduced behavioral responses to cocaine (Tsai et al., 2004). Both lines were out-crossed for at least 5 generations to a w1118 stock isogenic for Chromosomes II and III; these “w; iso” flies served as the genetic background control for experiments.