(46). This indicated that under such conditions adipocyte FGFR1 signaling dampens adipocyte lipolysis while concurrently dampening hepatic steatosis. Paradoxically yet most dramatically, the adipocyte FGFR1 deficiency abrogated nearly all the anti-obese and anti-diabetic effects elicited by pharmacological levels of FGF21 (40, 43). The alleviation of muscular abnormalities caused by muscular mitochondrial energy dysfunction and defects in autophagy/mitophagy appear to be in large part due to effects of induced FGF21 on adipose tissue (26, 27). Adaptation to cold stress may be aided by elevated levels of FGF21 that acts on BAT to promote pro-thermogenic mitochondrial activity (28, 29).
