African American subjects were collected from the Vanderbilt or Northwestern University biobanks. The Vanderbilt Genome-Electronic Records (VGER) accesses BioVU, the Vanderbilt biorepository of DNA extracted from blood collected for routine clinical care linked to de-identified electronic medical records (Roden et al. 2008). BioVU is a subset of the larger repository of de-identified EMRs known as the synthetic derivative. The Northwestern biobank, NUgene, combines DNA samples from consented participants with enrollment questionnaire and longitudinal data from the EMR (McCarty et al. 2011). Both biobanks were approved by Institutional Review Boards at their respective sites.
