In one of the few studies to use family data to investigate several alcohol transitions, Lieb et al (2002) observed that paternal AUD elevated the likelihood of progression to regular use, to hazardous use, and to abuse and dependence, while maternal AUD increased the likelihood of the transition only to regular use. However, other offspring characteristics were not included in analyses, and the number of affected mothers was small. In a novel study by Olfson et al. (2014), high levels of peer drinking reduced the well-established protective effect of rs1229984, a missense variant in ADH1B, for progression to first intoxication and to first AUD problem. However, only gender and ethnicity were included in models, which precluded evaluation of other offspring and family characteristics on AUD development. Sartor et al (2007), studying initiation of drinking and progression to alcohol dependence, found that the externalizing diagnosis of conduct disorder was the sole common risk factor for both transitions, while the internalizing disorder Generalized Anxiety Disorder was related to progression to alcohol dependence but not to initiation. Still, not all offspring had passed
