2002). We created a continuous variable with range 0–2: 0) no conduct disorder symptoms, 1) 1-plus symptoms but no diagnosis, 2) conduct disorder diagnosis. To assess depression we also created a continuous variable with range 0–2: 0) no history of depressed mood or anhedonia, 1) history of depressed mood and/or anhedonia lasting at least two weeks but no major depressive episode, and 2) major depressive episode. Depressive symptoms were coded if they were substance-induced or occurred independent of substance use. We used symptoms of conduct disorder and depression, as opposed to diagnoses alone, to increase sensitivity to detect psychopathology in youth.
