Current biomarkers for alcohol are limited in their utility [9]. Perhaps the best characterized biomarker of alcohol is the measurement of alcohol in serum or breath. However, this type of measurement only detects current consumption and does not differentiate between acute consumption and chronic abuse. Other biomarkers of adverse effects related to alcohol have difficulties with sensitivity and specificity, and are not frequently used in clinical practice as screening methods. Given that the magnitude of costs to health and society related to problem drinking are so large, improved biomarkers are necessary. In particular, early identification of problematic drinking patterns, before behavior becomes entrenched, and the ability to monitor for relapse during long-term treatment are essential tools needed to improve prevention and treatment of this disorder.
