The present study is unique in focusing on a childhood behavior control disorder, Conduct Disorder (CD), known to increase risk for both smoking (13, 14) and obesity (15). It is especially unique in examining the degree to which CD may enhance the adverse neurovascular (5, 8, 16) and neurophysiological (2, 3, 9, 17–19) effects of these disorders. Several models explain how the enhancement may occur:
