In addition to these relationships with externalizing tendencies in young adults, alcohol use and problems have been related to variables indicative of internalizing tendencies. Both alcohol use (Leeman and Wapner, 2001) and alcohol-related problems (Camatta and Nagoshi, 1995) have been positively correlated with the experience of life stressors. Alcohol-related problems have been related to poorer life satisfaction among undergraduates and alcohol use was inversely related to life satisfaction among female students (Murphy et al., 2005). Both perceived stress (Cohen et al., 1983) and poorer life satisfaction (Pavot and Diener, 1993) have been correlated significantly with depression, suggesting relationships between these variables and internalizing tendencies.
