three HapMap samples (CEU, YRI and HBC/JPT). SNPs were excluded if (a) the Illumina design score was <0.5 or (b) there were SNPs within 15 bp in both directions of the SNP of interest with allele frequency of >0.02 among Europeans (CEU). SNPs annotated as nonsynonymous, essential splice site, or stop codon were included regardless of allele frequency, design score, or nearby SNPs in the primer.