The dominant socialization model (68–70) is well supported in the literature and has been considered by some to be primarily responsible for the relationship between PGD and liability to drug use (7, 71–75). However, this hypothesis, captured by our PGD→CU causal and reciprocal interaction models is not well supported by our findings. Our results are also inconsistent with Wills' transactional model (70) which predicts that childhood temperament, family environment and peer effects all influence, and precede, the development of self-control, which in turn mediates the liability to drug initiation, regular use and abuse.
