A similar same-gender pattern was observed for substance use disorders, and particularly for nicotine dependence and alcohol abuse, and schizoid personality disorder in association with maternal alcoholism. In these cases, odds were significantly elevated in female offspring of women with alcoholism where as men either showed no association or a less robust association for the indicated disorder. A different pattern was observed for panic disorder: maternal history of alcoholism was associated with significantly higher odds for the disorder in men than in women. Analogously, a paternal history of alcoholism was more robustly associated with alcohol abuse in women as compared to men.
