This idea is confirmed by the increase in functional connectivity between similar cortical regions in the theta frequency band. Theta has been consistently associated with substance-related disorders, especially during withdrawal and craving states, as well as in several basic motivational processes53,54. In addition, substance abusers have been shown to exhibit bilateral hypersynchronization in the theta frequency band in the frontoposterior and frontotemporal regions compared to healthy adults55,56. Further, theta has been associated with long-distance transmission of information, integrating it from several regions57. Consistent with these results, the increased functional connectivity in the theta frequency band between regions associated with craving in the current study bolsters the hypothesis of a central craving network, where different regions encoding different aspects of alcohol addiction such as the emotional “want”, “reward”, and “pleasure” as well as neurobiological “incentive salience” are possibly maladaptively integrated into a unified percept by long-distance theta connectivity. It is important to note here that previous research shows an inverse relationship between BOLD signal activity and the lower frequencies of ongoing EEG activity58. In the current study, we observe that this inverse relationship holds even for functional connectivity. It is also important to keep in mind that here we compare resting-state
